Blust & Trussel (2019a): Proto-Austronesian
Search entries
| Headword | IPA | Glosses | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *<in> | ‘perfective marker’ | ||
| *<um> | ‘verbal infix marking actor voice’ | ||
| *-a | ‘imperative suffix’ | ||
| *-a | ‘subjunctive suffix’ | ||
| *a | ‘hesitation particle’ | ||
| *a | ‘ligature’ | ||
| *aba | ‘father’ | ||
| *aCab | ‘cover’ | ||
| *aCas | ‘high, tall’ | ||
| *aCay | ‘death’ | ||
| *adaS | ‘bring, take along’ | ||
| *adi | ‘no, not’ | ||
| *a-enem | ‘six (of humans)’ | ||
| *a-esa | ‘one (of humans)’ | ||
| *ai | ‘come’ | ||
| *ai | ‘interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc.’ | ||
| *ajem | 1.‘heart’ 2.‘mind’ | ||
| *aken | ‘1sg oblique’ | ||
| *aki | ‘grandfather, ancestor’ | ||
| *aku | 1.‘1sg nominative’ 2.‘I’ | ||
| *ala | 1.‘take, get, fetch, obtain’ 2.‘marry’ | ||
| *ala-en | ‘take’ | ||
| *alap | ‘fetch, get, take’ | ||
| *alaq | ‘fetch, get, take’ | ||
| *alaq-en | ‘take’ | ||
| *alikas | ‘quick, fast’ | ||
| *alim | ‘forget’ | ||
| *a(lR)im | ‘pancreas, spleen’ | ||
| *aluja | ‘to paddle’ | ||
| *alujah | ‘ant sp.’ | ||
| *amax | ‘father’ | ||
| *amen | ‘1pl ex oblique’ | ||
| *ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’ | ||
| *amin | 1.‘all’ 2.‘finished’ | ||
| *amu | ‘2pl. nominative pronoun’ | ||
| *-an | 1.‘verbal suffix marking locative voice’ 2.‘nominal suffix marking location’ | ||
| *aNak | 1.‘child, offspring’ 2.‘son, daughter’ 3.‘interest on a loan’ | ||
| *aN-aNak | ‘child’ | ||
| *aNay | ‘insect of the order *Isoptera*: termite, white ant’ | ||
| *aŋay | ‘departure (?)’ | ||
| *apa | ‘carry on the back’ | ||
| *apu | ‘grandparent/ grandchild (reciprocal)’ | ||
| *apuR | ‘betel chew’ | ||
| *aRi | 1.‘come’ 2.‘toward the speaker’ 3.‘let’s go!’ | ||
| *asa | ‘one’ | ||
| *asaŋ | ‘village’ | ||
| *aSik | ‘to sweep, remove trash’ | ||
| *asu | ‘dog’ | ||
| *ata | ‘1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our’ | ||
| *atuR | ‘stone wall’ | ||
| *au | ‘yes’ | ||
| *aya | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *aya | ‘exclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc.’ | ||
| *b<aR>eŋbeŋ | ‘buzz’ | ||
| *b<in>ahi | ‘woman, wife’ | ||
| *b<in>eCik | ‘tattoo’ | ||
| *b<in>elaq | ‘to have been split, cloven in two’ | ||
| *b<in>uRuk | ‘to have become rotten’ | ||
| *b<um>aliw | ‘buy’ | ||
| *b<um>asuq | ‘to wash’ | ||
| *baba | 1.‘carry a person pick-a-back’ 2.‘ride pick-a-back’ | ||
| *ba-bahi | ‘woman, female’ | ||
| *babaw | 1.‘upper surface, top’ 2.‘highlands’ 3.‘on, upon, over, above’ | ||
| *babuy | ‘pig’ | ||
| *babuy-an | ‘pig’ | ||
| *baCaR | ‘broomcorn millet: *Panicum miliaceum*’ | ||
| *bahi | ‘female’ | ||
| *bajaq | 1.‘know, understand’ 2.‘ask, inquire’ | ||
| *bajiw | ‘edible mushroom sp.’ | ||
| *bakaŋ | ‘bowlegged’ | ||
| *bakaR | ‘kind of basket’ | ||
| *bakbak | ‘clap’ | ||
| *bakes | 1.‘belt’ 2.‘tie around the waist’ | ||
| *baki | ‘grandfather’ | ||
| *bakuŋ | ‘lily-like plant: *Crinum asiaticum* L.’ | ||
| *balalaCuk | ‘bird: the woodpecker’ | ||
| *balaŋa | ‘shallow earthenware cooking pot or pan’ | ||
| *balbal | 1.‘beating stick’ 2.‘to beat, beat (esp. clothes in washing them)’ | ||
| *baleŋ | ‘preserve meat in salt or brine’ | ||
| *bales | 1.‘to answer, retaliate’ 2.‘reciprocate good or evil’ | ||
| *bali | ‘wind’ | ||
| *baliw | ‘buy, sell’ | ||
| *baliw | ‘return’ | ||
| *baluN | ‘bind, bundle’ | ||
| *baNaR | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ | ||
| *baNaS | ‘male (of animals)’ | ||
| *baNaw | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ | ||
| *banaw | ‘lake’ | ||
| *bañaw | ‘wash the body’ | ||
| *baŋaS | ‘tree: *Melia azedarach*’ | ||
| *baŋaw | ‘paddy bug, foul-smelling insect that preys on rice in the field’ | ||
| *baŋbaŋ | ‘butterfly, moth’ | ||
| *baŋbaŋ | ‘resound resounding sound’ | ||
| *baŋeliS | 1.‘tusk’ 2.‘canine tooth’ | ||
| *baŋ(e)qeR | ‘rotten smell, stench’ | ||
| *baŋeS | ‘skin’ | ||
| *baŋeSiS | ‘fragrant’ | ||
| *baŋuN | ‘wake up, get out of bed’ | ||
| *baŋun | ‘Japanese cypress: *Chamaecyparis obtusa*’ | ||
| *baNiC | ‘to skin, flay’ | ||
| *baqeRuh | 1.‘new’ 2.‘bachelor’ | ||
| *baqeSiŋ | ‘sneeze’ | ||
| *baqi | ‘grandmother’ | ||
| *baRah | ‘ember, glowing coal’ | ||
| *baRaŋ | ‘rib (?)’ | ||
| *baRaq | ‘lung’ | ||
| *baRat | ‘cross’ | ||
| *baRat | ‘cucumber: *Cucumis sativus*’ | ||
| *barat | ‘cross’ | ||
| *baReq | ‘abscess, boil, swelling on the body’ | ||
| *baRija | ‘weaver's sword ( lath used to beat in and tighten the woof)’ | ||
| *baRiuS | ‘typhoon’ | ||
| *baRuj | ‘dove: probably *Ducula* spp.’ | ||
| *baSaq | 1.‘flood’ 2.‘to overflow, be in flood’ | ||
| *baSaw | 1.‘cold, of leftover food’ 2.‘leftovers from a meal’ | ||
| *baSay | ‘hairy vine: *Pueraria hirsuta*’ | ||
| *basbas | ‘hit, strike’ | ||
| *basbas | ‘sprinkle’ | ||
| *baseq | ‘wash clothes’ | ||
| *basuq | ‘to wash’ | ||
| *batu | ‘to throw’ | ||
| *batux | 1.‘stone’ 2.‘testicle’ | ||
| *bayu | ‘to pound rice’ | ||
| *beCeŋ | ‘millet sp., probably foxtail millet: *Setaria italica*’ | ||
| *beCik | ‘tattoo’ | ||
| *beCu | ‘callus, blister’ | ||
| *bedul | ‘swelling of the body’ | ||
| *bejbej | 1.‘wrap around repeatedly, bind by wrapping’ 2.‘bundle of wrapped material’ | ||
| *bekas | ‘swift, fast’ | ||
| *bekas | ‘to spring a trap’ | ||
| *bekbek | ‘sound of breaking, etc.’ | ||
| *bekuC | 1.‘to bend over, bend down (of a person)’ 2.‘hunchbacked’ | ||
| *belaq | ‘part of something split’ | ||
| *beli | ‘to buy’ | ||
| *benan | ‘deer of the genus *Cervus*, either the sika deer or sambar deer’ | ||
| *beNbeN | ‘banana: *Musa sapientum* L.’ | ||
| *beNelem | ‘overcast, twilight’ | ||
| *beŋbeŋ | ‘block’ | ||
| *beŋbeŋ | ‘buzz, hum’ | ||
| *beNuC | ‘pull out, extract’ | ||
| *beRas | 1.‘rice between harvesting and cooking’ 2.‘husked rice’ | ||
| *beRas-an | ‘container in which rice is stored’ | ||
| *beRay | ‘give’ | ||
| *beRek | ‘domesticated pig’ | ||
| *beReqaŋ | ‘molar tooth’ | ||
| *beriq | ‘split, tear open’ | ||
| *beRŋaw | ‘bluebottle, large fly’ | ||
| *beRŋi-n | ‘night’ | ||
| *beRuS | ‘plant: *Rhus semialata*’ | ||
| *bes | ‘whizzing sound’ | ||
| *besuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ | ||
| *betak | ‘crack, split open (as dry ground)’ | ||
| *beties | ‘calf of the leg’ | ||
| *betik | 1.‘snap the fingers’ 2.‘flick with the finger, fillip’ | ||
| *betuŋ | ‘bamboo of very large diameter, probably *Dendrocalamus* sp.’ | ||
| *biaC | ‘draw a bow to its full extent’ | ||
| *biCuka | ‘stomach’ | ||
| *bilaŋ | 1.‘to count, calculate’ 2.‘hold valuable’ | ||
| *biliN | ‘to follow after someone, walk behind’ | ||
| *bineSiq | ‘seed set aside for the next planting’ | ||
| *biŋiC | ‘moody, irritable’ | ||
| *biNiC | ‘hold in the hand’ | ||
| *biqel | ‘goiter’ | ||
| *biqiR | ‘off-, off- balance’ | ||
| *biqut | ‘curved, crooked, bent’ | ||
| *biraŋ | ‘anger, angry’ | ||
| *biRaq | ‘wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro, *Alocasia* spp.’ | ||
| *biRaS | ‘roe, fish eggs’ | ||
| *biRaSu | ‘cane grass, *Miscanthus* sp.’ | ||
| *biRbiR | ‘lip’ | ||
| *birbir | ‘shiver, shake, tremble’ | ||
| *biriC | ‘to tear, rip’ | ||
| *bisuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ | ||
| *bitbit | ‘pull at some part of the body’ | ||
| *bituqen | ‘star’ | ||
| *bua | ‘foam, bubbles, froth’ | ||
| *buak | ‘bubbling up (as spring water)’ | ||
| *bual | ‘spring, source of fresh water’ | ||
| *buaq | ‘fruit’ | ||
| *buay | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *bubu | ‘conical bamboo basket trap for fish’ | ||
| *bubu | ‘grandparent’ | ||
| *bubuR | ‘jellyfish’ | ||
| *buCa | 1.‘mote in the eye’ 2.‘blind’ 3.‘blindness’ | ||
| *buCa-en maCa | ‘get a mote in the eye’ | ||
| *buCaq | ‘foam, froth’ | ||
| *buCbuC | ‘pull up (as weeds), pluck (as feathers)’ | ||
| *buCu | 1.‘callus, corn’ 2.‘blister’ | ||
| *buCuq | ‘testicles’ | ||
| *buhaŋ | ‘hole, pit’ | ||
| *buhet | ‘squirrel’ | ||
| *bujeq | ‘foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth’ | ||
| *bukas | ‘release, undo’ | ||
| *bukeS | ‘head hair’ | ||
| *bukij | 1.‘mountain’ 2.‘forested inland mountain areas’ | ||
| *bukuN | ‘back (anat.)’ | ||
| *bula | ‘to give’ | ||
| *bulaN | 1.‘moon, month’ 2.‘menstruation’ | ||
| *bulaR | 1.‘cataract of the eye’ 2.‘hazy or blurred vision’ | ||
| *bulaw | ‘golden colored’ | ||
| *bulaw-an | ‘gold’ | ||
| *bulbul | ‘dust, pulverized stone’ | ||
| *buled | ‘mountain’ | ||
| *buleS | ‘tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: *Shorea albus* Foxw.’ | ||
| *buli- | ‘prefix of the *qali, *kali- series’ | ||
| *bulilik | ‘lizard sp.’ | ||
| *buluN | ‘companion’ | ||
| *buluq | 1.‘type of slender bamboo’ 2.‘*Schizostachyum* spp.’ | ||
| *bunabun | ‘rice seedling’ | ||
| *bunaj | ‘sand’ | ||
| *buNbuN | 1.‘fontanelle’ 2.‘crown of the head’ | ||
| *buŋa | ‘flower, blossom’ | ||
| *buŋuh | ‘head’ | ||
| *buŋuR | ‘tree sp.’ | ||
| *buNi | ‘to hide, conceal’ | ||
| *buNuq | ‘constellation: the Pleiades’ | ||
| *buNuq | ‘throw at, hit with a projectile’ | ||
| *bunuR | 1.‘to swell’ 2.‘swollen’ | ||
| *bunuS | ‘machete’ | ||
| *buqaya | ‘crocodile’ | ||
| *buRaw | ‘drive off, chase away, expel’ | ||
| *buRay | ‘flower’ | ||
| *buReS | ‘spray water from the mouth’ | ||
| *buRuk | 1.‘rotten meat’ 2.‘addled eggs’ 3.‘bad character’ | ||
| *buSuk | ‘drunkenness, intoxication’ | ||
| *busuR | ‘enemy’ | ||
| *busuR | ‘hunting bow’ | ||
| *buuŋ | ‘buzzing or humming sound’ | ||
| *C<in>akaw | 1.‘what is stolen, stolen goods’ 2.‘was stolen (past tense of direct passive)’ | ||
| *C<in>aliS | 1.‘was made into rope’ 2.‘what was made into rope’ | ||
| *C<in>apa | ‘smoke’ | ||
| *C<in>aqi | ‘small intestine’ | ||
| *C<in>aqiS | ‘sew’ | ||
| *C<in>uNuh | ‘roast’ | ||
| *C<um>abu | ‘to wrap’ | ||
| *C<um>aki | ‘defecate’ | ||
| *C<um>aliS | ‘to tie with rope, fasten with rope’ | ||
| *C<um>aŋis | ‘to weep, cry, mourn’ | ||
| *C<um>apu | ‘to sweep’ | ||
| *C<um>aqi | ‘to defecate’ | ||
| *C<um>aqiS | ‘to sew’ | ||
| *C<um>ubuq | ‘to sprout, to grow’ | ||
| *C<um>ugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ | ||
| *C<um>uNuh | ‘to roast (intr.)’ | ||
| *C<um>uSuR | ‘to string beads, etc.’ | ||
| *CabCab | ‘clap, beat, hack’ | ||
| *Cabu | ‘to wrap’ | ||
| *Ca-Capuh | ‘broom’ | ||
| *Ca-CaqiS | ‘sew’ | ||
| *CaCaw | ‘pupil of the eye’ | ||
| *Ca-Cawa | ‘to laugh’ | ||
| *Cakaw | ‘steal’ | ||
| *Cakaw-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *Caki | ‘feces, excreta’ | ||
| *Cali | ‘cultivated taro: *Colocasia esculenta*’ | ||
| *Caliŋa | ‘ear’ | ||
| *Caliŋa nu kaSiw | ‘wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks’ | ||
| *CaliS | ‘rope, cord, twine, string’ | ||
| *CaluN | 1.‘fallow land’ 2.‘secondary forest’ | ||
| *CaNem | 1.‘grave’ 2.‘to bury’ | ||
| *CaNem-en | ‘what is buried or planted’ | ||
| *Caŋelaj | ‘elephant grass, miscanthus grass: *Themeda gigantea*’ | ||
| *Caŋila | ‘ear’ | ||
| *Caŋis | 1.‘weep, cry’ 2.‘mourn’ 3.‘to beseech’ | ||
| *Caŋis-an | ‘to cry over something or someone’ | ||
| *CaNum | ‘carry water’ | ||
| *Capa | ‘to smoke fish or meat for preservation’ | ||
| *Capaŋ | ‘patch, as on clothing’ | ||
| *Capel | 1.‘patch’ 2.‘to patch’ | ||
| *Capuh | ‘sweep’ | ||
| *Caqi | ‘feces, excrement’ | ||
| *CaqiS | ‘to sew’ | ||
| *CaqiS-an | ‘sew’ | ||
| *Caqu | ‘to know how, be able to, be skilled at’ | ||
| *Caqu-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *CaSaw | ‘open-’ | ||
| *Cau | ‘person, human being’ | ||
| *Cau Cau | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *Cau nu maCa | ‘pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)’ | ||
| *Cawa | ‘to laugh’ | ||
| *CawiN | ‘year’ | ||
| *Cazem | ‘sharp (of point or blade)’ | ||
| *Cebak | ‘smack against’ | ||
| *Cebej | ‘spring of water, spring water’ | ||
| *Cebiq | ‘split, divide, break off’ | ||
| *Cebuj | ‘natural spring, fresh water spring’ | ||
| *Cebuk | ‘thud’ | ||
| *CebuN | ‘smoke’ | ||
| *Cebuŋ | ‘to meet, come together’ | ||
| *CebuS | ‘sugarcane: *Saccharum officinarum*’ | ||
| *CegCeg | ‘beat, pound, hit’ | ||
| *CegCeg | ‘to beat, pound on’ | ||
| *CekCek | ‘pierce, penetrate’ | ||
| *Ceked | ‘to rest, take a break from work or other activity’ | ||
| *CekeS | ‘kind of very slender bamboo’ | ||
| *Celaq | ‘crack, split, fissure’ | ||
| *CelCel | ‘beat, pound’ | ||
| *Ceme-Cemel | ‘uncultivated land’ | ||
| *Cemel | 1.‘grass, herbs’ 2.‘medicine’ | ||
| *Cenek | ‘thorn’ | ||
| *CeRab | ‘belch’ | ||
| *Cesek | ‘insert, pierce, penetrate’ | ||
| *Cidu | ‘spoon, ladle, dipper’ | ||
| *Cikel | ‘return, go back’ | ||
| *CiŋaS | ‘food particles caught between the teeth’ | ||
| *Ciqaw | ‘fish sp.’ | ||
| *-Cu | 1.‘spatio- deixis and spatio- temporal reference: that’ 2.‘there, then’ | ||
| *Cubuq | ‘plant sprout’ | ||
| *CugCug | ‘hit something against something else’ | ||
| *CugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ | ||
| *Cukul | ‘huddle, bow the head’ | ||
| *Culi | ‘deaf’ | ||
| *Cumay | ‘Formosan black bear’ | ||
| *Cumek | 1.‘pulverize’ 2.‘crumble’ | ||
| *CumeS | 1.‘clothes louse’ 2.‘body louse’ | ||
| *CuŋCuŋ | ‘make a booming sound’ | ||
| *CuNuh | ‘roast food over a fire’ | ||
| *CuNuh-an | ‘to roast’ | ||
| *CuqelaN | 1.‘condylar bone’ 2.‘bone of fauna exclusive of fish’ | ||
| *CuquR | ‘tree: *Bischofia javanica*’ | ||
| *Curis | ‘scratch a line’ | ||
| *CuSuR | ‘string together, as beads’ | ||
| *CuSuR-en | ‘strung, be skewered’ | ||
| *Cuzuq | ‘index finger’ | ||
| *d<um>akep | 1.‘to catch, capture’ 2.‘embrace’ | ||
| *d<um>akiS | ‘climb, ascend’ | ||
| *d<um>ilaq | ‘to lick’ | ||
| *da | ‘locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du)’ | ||
| *da-amax | ‘father’ | ||
| *dadaN | 1.‘old, of things’ 2.‘ancient times’ | ||
| *da-duSa | ‘two, of people’ | ||
| *dajam | ‘accustomed to, tame’ | ||
| *dajem | ‘chills, as of malaria’ | ||
| *dakep | 1.‘catch, seize’ 2.‘embrace’ | ||
| *dakep-en | ‘caught, captured’ | ||
| *dakeS | ‘tree: the camphor laurel: *Cinnamomum* spp.’ | ||
| *daki | 1.‘dirt on skin’ 2.‘dandruff’ | ||
| *dakiS | ‘climb, ascend’ | ||
| *dakuC | ‘snatch, grab’ | ||
| *dalayap | ‘kind of citrus tree and fruit’ | ||
| *dalem | 1.‘in, inside’ 2.‘deep’ | ||
| *damaR | ‘tree resin used in torches (?)’ | ||
| *damuq | ‘dew’ | ||
| *damuq | ‘menstrual blood?’ | ||
| *danaw | ‘lake’ | ||
| *daŋdaŋ | 1.‘broil’ 2.‘warm oneself or something near a fire’ | ||
| *daŋdaŋ-an | ‘place something near a fire’ | ||
| *daNi | 1.‘soon, presently’ 2.‘almost’ | ||
| *daNum | ‘fresh water’ | ||
| *danum-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *dapa | ‘palm of the hand’ | ||
| *dapaN | 1.‘sole of the foot’ 2.‘footprint’ | ||
| *dapuR | ‘pile up, as stones’ | ||
| *daqaN | ‘old, ancient’ | ||
| *daqaNi | ‘day’ | ||
| *daqiS | 1.‘forehead’ 2.‘face’ | ||
| *daqu | ‘soapberry: *Sapindus mukrossi*, *S. saponaria*’ | ||
| *daRa | ‘Formosan maple: *Liquidambar formosana*’ | ||
| *daRaq | 1.‘blood’ 2.‘to bleed’ 3.‘menstruate’ | ||
| *daReq | ‘soil, probably clay’ | ||
| *daRiŋ | ‘groan, moan’ | ||
| *daRiq | ‘soil, probably clay’ | ||
| *daSdaS | ‘chest (anat.)’ | ||
| *dataR | ‘flat, flat or level land’ | ||
| *dawiN | ‘far’ | ||
| *daya | ‘upriver, toward the interior’ | ||
| *debdeb | ‘chest’ | ||
| *dekdek | ‘to tamp down, compact something’ | ||
| *dekeC | ‘paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice)’ | ||
| *dekep | ‘embrace’ | ||
| *dekiŋ | ‘to bark, of a deer’ | ||
| *deles | ‘bowstring’ | ||
| *demdem | ‘brood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still’ | ||
| *demdem | 1.‘gloom, darkness’ 2.‘dark, overcast, gloomy’ | ||
| *deŋdeŋ | 1.‘thunder’ 2.‘roaring or thunderous sound’ | ||
| *deŋeR | 1.‘to hear’ 2.‘sound’ | ||
| *depah | ‘fathom’ | ||
| *depuŋ | ‘venomous snake’ | ||
| *deRdeR | ‘thunder’ | ||
| *deRuŋ | ‘distant rolling thunder’ | ||
| *deruŋ | ‘deep booming boom’ | ||
| *detdet | ‘packed tightly together’ | ||
| *di | ‘locative case marker (probably for singular personal names; *cf.* *<pwd>da</pwd>, *<pwd>du</pwd>)’ | ||
| *dikeC | ‘sticky, adhesive’ | ||
| *dikit | ‘little, few, small in amount’ | ||
| *dilaq | ‘to lick’ | ||
| *diNaŋ | 1.‘rust’ 2.‘hematite’ | ||
| *di-ni | ‘here’ | ||
| *diRi | ‘to stand’ | ||
| *diRus | ‘bathe’ | ||
| *disdis | ‘cut, slice’ | ||
| *diteq | ‘sticky substance’ | ||
| *dua | ‘over there, yonder’ | ||
| *du-duSa | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *duhduh | ‘thunder’ | ||
| *dukduk | ‘ginger’ | ||
| *dukduk | ‘to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab’ | ||
| *duma | 1.‘someone’ 2.‘other people’ 3.‘different’ | ||
| *du(ŋ)kuŋ | ‘bend, curve’ | ||
| *duRi | ‘thorn’ | ||
| *duSa | ‘two’ | ||
| *duSa duSa | 1.‘two by two, two at a time’ 2.‘two each’ | ||
| *duSa-en | ‘divided into two’ | ||
| *edem | ‘soak, dye’ | ||
| *-en | 1.‘verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice’ 2.‘nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action’ | ||
| *enem | ‘six’ | ||
| *esa | ‘one’ | ||
| *g<um>aruC | ‘to comb’ | ||
| *gaCel | ‘itch, feel itchy’ | ||
| *gaRaŋ | ‘small edible freshwater crab’ | ||
| *garaŋ | ‘fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper’ | ||
| *garuC | ‘comb’ | ||
| *gayaŋ | ‘hunting spear’ | ||
| *geCel | ‘to pinch’ | ||
| *gemel | ‘take in the hand, clasp, grasp’ | ||
| *gemgem | 1.‘fist’ 2.‘hold in the fist’ | ||
| *gereC | ‘slit an animal's throat’ | ||
| *gerger | ‘shake, shiver, tremble’ | ||
| *geriC | ‘gnaw of ripping, gnawing, etc.’ | ||
| *getil | ‘to pinch’ | ||
| *giŋgiŋ | ‘cold, shivering’ | ||
| *giRiŋ | ‘ring’ | ||
| *gisgis | ‘rub, scrape against’ | ||
| *guCguC | ‘pluck, pull out’ | ||
| *guCguC | ‘to scratch, as an itch’ | ||
| *gumuN | ‘body hair’ | ||
| *guŋguŋ | ‘deep resounding sound’ | ||
| *gurgur | ‘boil of boiling water’ | ||
| *guRiCa | ‘octopus’ | ||
| *guris | 1.‘line’ 2.‘scratch a line’ | ||
| *guSam | ‘fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush’ | ||
| *gusgus | ‘to scrape, scratch, rub’ | ||
| *gusi | ‘gums’ | ||
| *gutgut | ‘front teeth, incisors’ | ||
| *haŋut | ‘smell, odor’ | ||
| *hesek | ‘drive in stakes or posts’ | ||
| *hisep | ‘suck, inhale’ | ||
| *hukaq | ‘loosen, open’ | ||
| *hulhul | ‘to bark, of a dog’ | ||
| *huRaC | 1.‘artery, blood vessel, blood vein’ 2.‘muscle’ 3.‘nerve’ 4.‘sinew’ 5.‘tendon’ | ||
| *-i | ‘imperative suffix’ | ||
| *i | ‘exclamation of wonder, disgust, etc.’ | ||
| *i | ‘in’ | ||
| *i | ‘personal article’ | ||
| *i aCas | ‘above, on top’ | ||
| *i babaw | ‘above, on top of’ | ||
| *ia | 1.‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she’ 2.‘him, her, it’ | ||
| *i-aku | ‘1sg., I, me’ | ||
| *i-amen | ‘1pl. ex oblique’ | ||
| *i-ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative, we’ | ||
| *ian | ‘dwell, reside, live in a place’ | ||
| *ia-ni | 1.‘this’ 2.‘here’ | ||
| *ibaS | ‘companion, close relative, other one’ | ||
| *i-Cu | ‘that (2p)’ | ||
| *idas | ‘affine of Ego's generation’ | ||
| *ijan | ‘when?’ | ||
| *i-kaSu | ‘2sg., you’ | ||
| *ikuD | ‘to follow’ | ||
| *ikud | ‘to sit’ | ||
| *ikuR | ‘tail’ | ||
| *iluR | ‘river channel’ | ||
| *ima | ‘who?’ | ||
| *imah | ‘drink’ | ||
| *ina | ‘mother, mother's sister’ | ||
| *in-alap | ‘take’ | ||
| *iná-q | ‘mother, mother's sister (address, vocative)’ | ||
| *iŋ(e)pis | ‘thin (of material objects)’ | ||
| *iŋsuŋ | ‘wooden rice mortar’ | ||
| *i-ni | ‘this, here’ | ||
| *ini | ‘negative marker: no, not’ | ||
| *i-nu | ‘place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where?’ | ||
| *inu | ‘where?’ | ||
| *ipit | 1.‘near, come near’ 2.‘edge, border’ | ||
| *iRik | ‘thresh with the feet (as rice)’ | ||
| *isa | ‘one’ | ||
| *isa isa | 1.‘distributive’ 2.‘one-by-one, one at a time’ | ||
| *isa-ŋa | ‘remaining one’ | ||
| *iSeq | ‘urine, urinate’ | ||
| *isi | 1.‘flesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers)’ 2.‘reside’ 3.‘blade of a knife’ 4.‘inhabitants, residents’ | ||
| *iSiq | ‘urine, urinate’ | ||
| *iSu | ‘2sg. personal pronoun: you’ | ||
| *ita | ‘we (incl.)’ | ||
| *iten | ‘1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.)’ | ||
| *iten | ‘we (incl.)’ | ||
| *i-ti | 1.‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ 2.‘here’ | ||
| *iuk | ‘citrus fruit (both orange and pomelo?)’ | ||
| *k<aN>uSkuS | ‘claw, talon, fingernail’ | ||
| *k<ar>uSkuS | ‘scrape, scratch something from a surface’ | ||
| *k<in>a-Cau-an | ‘nature, character’ | ||
| *k<in>aCu | 1.‘was brought’ 2.‘what was brought’ | ||
| *k<in>aen | ‘eat’ | ||
| *k<in>aen-an | ‘eat’ | ||
| *k<in>alih-an | ‘place that has been dug up’ | ||
| *k<in>aRaC-an | ‘bite of an animal’ | ||
| *k<in>uja | ‘what has been said/done (to cause someone to react)?’ | ||
| *k<um>aCu | ‘to bring, to carry along’ | ||
| *k<um>aen | ‘to eat’ | ||
| *k<um>ahuS | ‘scoop up’ | ||
| *k<um>ali | ‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’ | ||
| *k<um>aRaC | ‘to bite’ | ||
| *k<um>aRaw | ‘to scratch an itch’ | ||
| *k<um>aSiw | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *k<um>auS | ‘to scoop up, as with a fish net’ | ||
| *k<um>eRet | ‘cut something slender’ | ||
| *k<um>etun | ‘chop up, as firewood’ | ||
| *k<um>iRim | ‘to seek, search, look for’ | ||
| *k<um>ita | ‘to see’ | ||
| *k<um>uCu | ‘to de louse’ | ||
| *k<um>uja | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *k<um>uRi | ‘to rake’ | ||
| *k<um>uSkuS | ‘to scrape’ | ||
| *ka | ‘conditional, if’ | ||
| *ka | ‘conjunctive particle, and’ | ||
| *ka | ‘oblique case marker for plural personal names’ | ||
| *ka- | ‘formative for abstract nouns of quality’ | ||
| *ka- | ‘marker of past time in temporal expressions’ | ||
| *ka- | ‘stative marker in irrealis constructions, counterpart to <pwd>*ma-</pwd> in realis constructions’ | ||
| *ka- -an | ‘formative for abstract nouns (often deverbal)’ | ||
| *ka- -an | ‘formative for nouns of location’ | ||
| *ka- -an | ‘marker of the adversative passive’ | ||
| *ka-aCay | ‘kill (?)’ | ||
| *ka-aCay-an | ‘lose someone through death (?)’ | ||
| *ka-bajaq | ‘know, understand’ | ||
| *kabal | ‘clothing’ | ||
| *kabaR | ‘clothing’ | ||
| *kabit | ‘hook’ | ||
| *kabus | ‘shrimp, lobster’ | ||
| *ka-CaSaw-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ka-Cau-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kaCu | ‘bring, carry’ | ||
| *ka-dataR-an | ‘plain, region of level land’ | ||
| *kaen | ‘eat’ | ||
| *kaen-an | 1.‘place where one eats’ 2.‘food’ | ||
| *kaen-ay | ‘will eat’ | ||
| *kaen-en | ‘eat’ | ||
| *kaen-i | ‘eat it!’ | ||
| *kahuS | ‘scoop up’ | ||
| *kahut | 1.‘to take in one’s hand’ 2.‘handful’ | ||
| *kaija | ‘when? (in the past)’ | ||
| *kak | ‘sound of a cackle, loud laugh, etc.’ | ||
| *kaka | ‘elder sibling’ | ||
| *kakaCu | ‘spider’ | ||
| *ka-kaen-an | ‘place where one eats’ | ||
| *ka-kaen-en | ‘edible things, food’ | ||
| *kakak | ‘caw, cackle’ | ||
| *ka-kalih | ‘dig’ | ||
| *k-aku | ‘1sg oblique: to me, for me’ | ||
| *ka-kuRi | ‘rake’ | ||
| *kalaw | ‘bird sp.’ | ||
| *kalaw | ‘eyebrow’ | ||
| *kali | ‘canal, ditch’ | ||
| *kali- | ‘prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. <pwd>*qali-</pwd>)’ | ||
| *kalih | 1.‘hole in the ground’ 2.‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’ | ||
| *kaluŋkuŋ | ‘deep resounding sound’ | ||
| *kamay | ‘hand’ | ||
| *kamaya | ‘plant sp.: *Diospyros discolor*’ | ||
| *k-ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’ | ||
| *k-amu | ‘2pl. nominative, you all’ | ||
| *kamu-yu | ‘2pl. nominative, you all’ | ||
| *kaNasay | ‘fish: the mullet’ | ||
| *kaNawaS | ‘small tree bearing round, green fruit: *Ehretia* spp.’ | ||
| *kaŋkaŋ | ‘resounding sound’ | ||
| *ka-nu | 1.‘interrogative’ 2.‘probably 'when?'’ | ||
| *ka-pajay-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ka-piliq-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kapit | ‘fasten together by sewing or tying’ | ||
| *ka-pitu-an | ‘seven’ | ||
| *kapkap | ‘feel in the dark, grope’ | ||
| *kapua | ‘silk cotton, kapok’ | ||
| *ka-qudip-an | ‘livelihood’ | ||
| *ka-Rabi-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kaRaC | ‘to bite’ | ||
| *kaRaC-i | ‘bite (imperative)’ | ||
| *kaRaw | ‘to scratch an itch’ | ||
| *kaRi | ‘word, speech, language’ | ||
| *karkar | ‘scratch up the earth, as a fowl’ | ||
| *kaRus | ‘scrape’ | ||
| *karus | ‘to scratch, scrape’ | ||
| *karut | ‘scrape, rasp’ | ||
| *kaS(e)pal | ‘thick, of solid objects’ | ||
| *kaSi-kaSiw | ‘wood’ | ||
| *kaSiw | 1.‘wood’ 2.‘tree’ | ||
| *kaSiw-en | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kaSkaS | ‘scratch up the soil, as a chicken looking for food’ | ||
| *kaSu | ‘2sg., you’ | ||
| *ka-tanem-an | ‘area that is planted(?)’ | ||
| *katawa | ‘castor bean: *Ricinus communis* L.’ | ||
| *ka-telu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kati | ‘exhortation to call a person or animal’ | ||
| *katkat | ‘come undone, of stitches’ | ||
| *kauS | ‘scoop up, as with a fish net’ | ||
| *ka-wanaN | ‘right ( side, hand, direction)’ | ||
| *kawaS | ‘talk, talk about, discuss’ | ||
| *kawaS | 1.‘year, season’ 2.‘sky, heaven’ | ||
| *kaway | ‘net bag used by men for carrying things on back’ | ||
| *kawayan | ‘bamboo, *Bambusa* spp., probably *Bambusa spinosa*’ | ||
| *kawil | ‘fishhook’ | ||
| *ka-wiRi | ‘left side or direction’ | ||
| *kawit | ‘hook’ | ||
| *kawkaw | ‘sickle for harvesting grain’ | ||
| *ka-zalan-an | ‘improvised trail, trail made by passing through?’ | ||
| *kebkeb | ‘to lie prone, face down’ | ||
| *kedi | ‘small in size or amount’ | ||
| *kedip | ‘to blink’ | ||
| *kelem | ‘dark, overcast, visually obscure’ | ||
| *kelip | ‘to blink’ | ||
| *kemkem | ‘bite down hard’ | ||
| *keNa | 1.‘ensnared, caught in a trap’ 2.‘suffer, undergo, be struck by something’ 3.‘entrapped or deceived’ 4.‘hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true’ | ||
| *keŋkeŋ | ‘hollow, resounding sound’ | ||
| *kepit | 1.‘press together’ 2.‘pressed together’ | ||
| *keRan | ‘scab on a wound’ | ||
| *keRaŋ | ‘dry’ | ||
| *keRaŋ | ‘scab, crust on a wound’ | ||
| *keRet | 1.‘cut something slender or soft’ 2.‘reap crops’ | ||
| *keret | ‘to sever, cut off’ | ||
| *keRet-en | ‘cut’ | ||
| *keriq | ‘chatter’ | ||
| *keRiw | 1.‘hemp plant’ 2.‘hemp’ | ||
| *keRkeR | ‘shake, tremble’ | ||
| *keRuŋ | ‘sound">resound’ | ||
| *keseR | ‘strength, vigor, force’ | ||
| *keskes | ‘scratch, scrape’ | ||
| *ketil | ‘pinch off’ | ||
| *ketun | ‘cut, sever’ | ||
| *kezem | ‘close the eyes’ | ||
| *kezuC | ‘to jerk suddenly, jump when startled’ | ||
| *ki | ‘oblique case marker for personal nouns’ | ||
| *ki- | ‘prefixed to a noun means ‘to get, obtain, collect, gather’ (noun)’ | ||
| *kiaw | ‘puling sound of a bird’ | ||
| *kiCiŋ | ‘body part’ | ||
| *ki-CuNuh | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kidiq | ‘to tickle’ | ||
| *kikuR | ‘tail’ | ||
| *kilala | 1.‘to know (a person), recognize, be acquainted with’ 2.‘to feel, perceive’ | ||
| *kiluŋ | ‘curve’ | ||
| *kiŋeR | ‘to hear’ | ||
| *kiŋkiŋ | ‘ring’ | ||
| *kipit | 1.‘narrow’ 2.‘pinch between tongs, etc.’ | ||
| *kiRim | ‘seek, search, look for’ | ||
| *kiRim-en | ‘look’ | ||
| *kiRkiR | ‘rasp, file’ | ||
| *kiRus | ‘scrape’ | ||
| *kiSkiS | ‘scrape off’ | ||
| *kiskis | ‘to shave, scrape off’ | ||
| *k-ita | ‘we (incl.)’ | ||
| *kita | ‘to see’ | ||
| *kita-en | ‘see’ | ||
| *ki-tunuh | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kiwkiw | 1.‘to wave, wag ( tail)’ 2.‘to stir (people) up’ | ||
| *-ku | ‘1sg genitive ( marker of non-subject agency and possession; my; by me)’ | ||
| *ku | ‘oblique of common nouns (cf. *ki, *ka)’ | ||
| *kuan | 1.‘hamlet’ 2.‘kin-based residential unit’ | ||
| *kuaw | ‘kind of bird and the sound of its call’ | ||
| *kuCkuC | ‘roll up, curl up tightly’ | ||
| *kuCux | ‘head louse’ | ||
| *kudem | ‘dark’ | ||
| *kuden | ‘clay cooking pot’ | ||
| *kudeŋ | ‘clay cooking pot’ | ||
| *kudis | 1.‘scurfy skin disease’ 2.‘scabies’ | ||
| *kudkud | ‘hoof, lower leg of an ungulate’ | ||
| *kuja | ‘how?, how is it? what is the matter?’ | ||
| *kukuŋ | ‘small bird that produces a deep resounding call’ | ||
| *kulaC | ‘bracket fungus, *Polyporus* spp.’ | ||
| *kulay | ‘worm, insect’ | ||
| *kuliC | ‘rind, peeling of fruits or tubers’ | ||
| *kumeS | ‘pubic hair’ | ||
| *kumiS | ‘pubic hair’ | ||
| *ku(ŋ)kuŋ | 1.‘deep resonant sound’ 2.‘name of a bird with deep resonant cry’ | ||
| *kuŋkuŋ | 1.‘deep resounding sound’ 2.‘slit-gong, hollowed tree trunk used to send messages’ | ||
| *kuNkuN | ‘Formosan hill partridge’ | ||
| *kupit | ‘press together, close tightly’ | ||
| *kurap | ‘ringworm’ | ||
| *kuRi | ‘rake’ | ||
| *kuris | 1.‘scurfy skin disease’ 2.‘scabies’ | ||
| *kurkur | ‘dig in the soil’ | ||
| *kuSa | ‘work’ | ||
| *kuSkuS | ‘claw, talon, fingernail’ | ||
| *kuSkuS | ‘scrape’ | ||
| *kuti | ‘vulva, vagina’ | ||
| *kutkut | ‘scrape off’ | ||
| *kuya | ‘defect’ | ||
| *l<um>edep | ‘to dive, swim under water’ | ||
| *l<um>ubaŋ | ‘to bury, place in a pit or hole’ | ||
| *l<um>udaq | ‘to spit’ | ||
| *labaw | ‘rat’ | ||
| *labeR | ‘roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered’ | ||
| *labiq | ‘excess, surplus’ | ||
| *laCeŋ | ‘stinging nettle: *Laportea* spp.’ | ||
| *lahud | ‘downstream, toward the sea’ | ||
| *lahuN | ‘steam, vapor’ | ||
| *lajam | ‘familiar with, accustomed to’ | ||
| *lakat | ‘walk, take a step’ | ||
| *lakup | ‘cover, wrapping’ | ||
| *lalay | ‘cicada’ | ||
| *la-lima | ‘five (in counting people)’ | ||
| *lama | ‘old, former’ | ||
| *lamlam | ‘impetuous’ | ||
| *laŋaw | ‘housefly’ | ||
| *laŋaw-en | ‘infested with flies, covered with flies’ | ||
| *laŋ(e)si | ‘unpleasant odor’ | ||
| *laŋiC | ‘sky’ | ||
| *laŋu | ‘vertigo’ | ||
| *la(n)tuk | ‘curve’ | ||
| *lapaq | ‘to cut up, butcher, slaughter an animal’ | ||
| *lapis | ‘flying squirrel’ | ||
| *laplap | ‘loose (as of clothing)’ | ||
| *lapus | ‘untie (a knot), undress, remove clothes’ | ||
| *laRaŋ | ‘to forbid’ | ||
| *laRiw | ‘run, run away, flee, escape’ | ||
| *lasuq | 1.‘hot’ 2.‘blistered by heat’ | ||
| *lawa | ‘wide’ | ||
| *lawaq | 1.‘spider’ 2.‘spider web’ | ||
| *lawaR | ‘flying squirrel’ | ||
| *lawas | 1.‘internode of bamboo’ 2.‘section of something’ | ||
| *lawas | ‘wide, broad’ | ||
| *laway | ‘thread, yarn’ | ||
| *layap | ‘to fly’ | ||
| *layaR | ‘sail’ | ||
| *layu | ‘wither, wilt’ | ||
| *lebeŋ | ‘to bury’ | ||
| *lebleb | ‘foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain’ | ||
| *lecik | ‘fly off, of solid bits or water droplets’ | ||
| *ledep | ‘to dive, swim under water’ | ||
| *ledled | ‘to rub the eyes’ | ||
| *lekab | ‘open, uncover’ | ||
| *lekuq | 1.‘bend’ 2.‘bending part, joint’ | ||
| *lemek | ‘soft’ | ||
| *lemlem | 1.‘dark, of weather’ 2.‘overcast’ | ||
| *lepaw | ‘hut’ | ||
| *lezep | ‘submerge, disappear under water’ | ||
| *lidam | ‘tongue’ | ||
| *liduŋ | 1.‘shelter, cover, protection’ 2.‘shade’ | ||
| *likaC | ‘lightning’ | ||
| *likaw | ‘curve, bend, winding’ | ||
| *likeS | ‘mosquito’ | ||
| *likud | ‘back’ | ||
| *likud-an | ‘back area, place at the back?’ | ||
| *liku-likud | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *liku-likud-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *lima | ‘five’ | ||
| *liŋaw | ‘shadow’ | ||
| *liNuŋ | ‘calm, tranquil, of the surface of water’ | ||
| *linuR | ‘earthquake’ | ||
| *lipas | ‘to pass, pass by’ | ||
| *lipen | ‘tooth’ | ||
| *lipet | ‘to fold, fold over’ | ||
| *lipuC | ‘disappear behind something that envelops or blocks the view’ | ||
| *liqeR | ‘neck’ | ||
| *liseqeS | ‘nit, egg of a hair louse’ | ||
| *litlit | ‘wind around, bind by winding around’ | ||
| *liuS | ‘a’ | ||
| *lubaŋ | ‘burial pit’ | ||
| *lubuk | ‘bag, sack’ | ||
| *luCuŋ | ‘Formosan rock monkey: *Macaca cyclopis*’ | ||
| *ludaq | ‘saliva’ | ||
| *luem | ‘ripe’ | ||
| *lukeNaw | ‘Formosan clouded leopard’ | ||
| *lukuC | ‘parasitic plant sp.’ | ||
| *luluj | ‘shin’ | ||
| *luluN | ‘to roll up, as a mat’ | ||
| *luNuŋ | ‘cloud’ | ||
| *lupaS | ‘spit, spit out’ | ||
| *lupas | ‘peach’ | ||
| *luSeq | ‘tears’ | ||
| *lutay | ‘weak, exhausted’ | ||
| *lutuk | ‘Formosan hare: Lepus sinensis formosus’ | ||
| *m<in>aCa | ‘eye’ | ||
| *m<in>aCay | ‘burial ground (?)’ | ||
| *ma- | ‘future prefix’ | ||
| *ma- | ‘stative prefix’ | ||
| *ma-aCay | 1.‘die’ 2.‘dead’ 3.‘eclipse of sun or moon’ | ||
| *ma-ala | ‘take’ | ||
| *ma-alap | ‘take’ | ||
| *ma-anak | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ma-b<in>ahi | ‘female, woman’ | ||
| *ma-bajaq | ‘know, understand’ | ||
| *ma-bali | ‘wind’ | ||
| *ma-bañaw | ‘wash the body’ | ||
| *ma-baSaw | ‘cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long’ | ||
| *ma-belaq | ‘split, in two’ | ||
| *ma-besuR | ‘satiated, full from eating’ | ||
| *ma-buCa | ‘blind’ | ||
| *ma-bunuR | 1.‘to swell’ 2.‘swollen’ | ||
| *ma-buRaw | ‘drive’ | ||
| *ma-buSuk | ‘drunk, intoxicated’ | ||
| *maCa | ‘eye, focal point, center or most prominent part’ | ||
| *ma-Cakaw | ‘to steal’ | ||
| *ma-Caŋis | ‘cry’ | ||
| *ma-Caqu | ‘know’ | ||
| *ma-Cawa | ‘to laugh’ | ||
| *ma-CuNuh | ‘roast’ | ||
| *ma-dajam | ‘accustomed to, tame’ | ||
| *ma-dajem | ‘chills, as of malaria’ | ||
| *ma-dalem | ‘deep’ | ||
| *ma-dalis | ‘smooth, slippery’ | ||
| *ma-daRaq | ‘blood’ | ||
| *ma-demdem | ‘gloom’ | ||
| *ma-hemis | ‘sweet’ | ||
| *ma-kaen | ‘will eat (?)’ | ||
| *maka-enem | ‘six times (frequentative multiplicative)’ | ||
| *maka-lima | ‘five times’ | ||
| *maka-pija | ‘(for) how many days?’ | ||
| *maka-pitu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ma-kaRaC | ‘bitten’ | ||
| *maka-Sepat | ‘four times’ | ||
| *maka-walu | ‘eight times (frequentative, multiplicative)’ | ||
| *ma-keseR | ‘vigor’ | ||
| *ma-kiRim | ‘found?’ | ||
| *ma-kuCu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ma-kuja | ‘what are you doing? what’s happening?’ | ||
| *ma-kuliC | ‘skinny, thin, underweight’ | ||
| *ma-laŋu | ‘dizzy, drunk’ | ||
| *ma-laRiw | ‘run, run away, flee’ | ||
| *ma-lebleb | ‘foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain’ | ||
| *ma-lima-N | ‘fifty’ | ||
| *maliqi | ‘pregnant’ | ||
| *ma-litlit | ‘or become wound around something’ | ||
| *mamah | ‘father’s brother’ | ||
| *ma-najam | 1.‘accustomed to, familiar with’ 2.‘tame’ | ||
| *maNaŋ | ‘sharp’ | ||
| *ma-ŋilu | ‘painful, as of teeth on edge from eating something very sour’ | ||
| *ma-Nipis | ‘thin (of materials)’ | ||
| *ma-Niwaŋ | ‘thin, of persons and animals’ | ||
| *manu | ‘interrogative marker: which?’ | ||
| *manuk | ‘chicken’ | ||
| *ma-Nuka | ‘wound’ | ||
| *ma-paqiC | ‘bitter’ | ||
| *ma-piliq | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ma-piNay | ‘lame, crippled’ | ||
| *ma-pizpiz | ‘close’ | ||
| *ma-pukaw | ‘dim, of vision’ | ||
| *ma-puNi | ‘white’ | ||
| *ma-puSaN | ‘twenty’ | ||
| *ma-qaCi | 1.‘ebb, of water in streams’ 2.‘low tide’ | ||
| *ma-qajaw | ‘sunny, hot’ | ||
| *ma-qataq | ‘raw, unripe’ | ||
| *maqaw | ‘plant: *Litsea cubeba* (Lour.)’ | ||
| *ma-qetaq | ‘raw, unripe, green (fruit), uncooked’ | ||
| *ma-qudem | ‘dark, cloudy’ | ||
| *ma-quSaw | ‘thirst’ | ||
| *ma-quzaN | ‘rain’ | ||
| *maR-amax | ‘father and child’ | ||
| *maR-buaq | ‘bear fruit’ | ||
| *maRe-anak | ‘parent and child’ | ||
| *maR-ina | ‘mother and child’ | ||
| *maR-luSeq | ‘to shed tears, weep’ | ||
| *maR-qani | 1.‘harvest’ 2.‘to harvest’ | ||
| *maS | ‘and’ | ||
| *ma-Sasak | 1.‘ripe’ 2.‘cooked’ | ||
| *ma-SateD | ‘escort, accompany’ | ||
| *ma-Sepat | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ma-SeReC | ‘tight, firm’ | ||
| *ma-Seyaq | ‘shame’ | ||
| *ma-Sikad | 1.‘ashamed’ 2.‘shy’ 3.‘modest’ | ||
| *ma-Suab | ‘to yawn, yawning’ | ||
| *ma-Suaw | ‘to yawn’ | ||
| *ma-Sulem | ‘dim, dark’ | ||
| *mata nu qalejaw | ‘sun (‘ eye of the day’)’ | ||
| *ma-takut | ‘fear’ | ||
| *ma-talaw | ‘fear’ | ||
| *ma-taŋa | ‘will open?’ | ||
| *-matek | ‘jungle leech, *Haemadipsa* spp.’ | ||
| *ma-telu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ma-tuduR | ‘to sleep’ | ||
| *ma-tunuh | ‘roast’ | ||
| *ma-tuqaS | ‘old, of people’ | ||
| *ma-tuqaS tuqaS | ‘old, elder, senior’ | ||
| *ma-ulaw | ‘dazed, confused’ | ||
| *-meCaq | ‘paddy leech’ | ||
| *-medaw | ‘dizzy, giddy’ | ||
| *mesmes | ‘grasp, grip, squeeze’ | ||
| *metmet | ‘to hold tightly’ | ||
| *mi- | ‘prefix marking possession of some object’ | ||
| *mi-da-duSa | ‘do something with someone else, perform an action together’ | ||
| *mu- | ‘movement prefix’ | ||
| *mudaq | 1.‘young (of fruits)’ 2.‘immature’ | ||
| *mujiŋ | ‘face (human)’ | ||
| *mujiŋ-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *mula | ‘to plant’ | ||
| *mulmul | ‘hold in the mouth and suck’ | ||
| *mumu | ‘Formosan blind mole: *Talpa micrura insularis* (Swinhoe)’ | ||
| *muRmuR | ‘gargle, rinse the mouth’ | ||
| *N<um>aŋuy | ‘to swim’ | ||
| *-na | 1.‘distal spatio-temporal deixis: that, there’ 2.‘then’ | ||
| *Na | ‘already’ | ||
| *Na | ‘conjunction: and’ | ||
| *na | ‘genitive of plural personal names’ | ||
| *na | ‘linker marking emphatic attribution’ | ||
| *Nabek | ‘breakers, surf, waves’ | ||
| *NaCeŋ | ‘vegetables’ | ||
| *najam | 1.‘accustomed to, familiar with’ 2.‘tame’ | ||
| *Nali | ‘cicada’ | ||
| *Namat | ‘iron ( metal)’ | ||
| *n-ami | ‘1pl. excl. genitive, our’ | ||
| *ñamñam | ‘tasty, delicious (?)’ | ||
| *n-amu | ‘2pl. genitive, your, by you’ | ||
| *ñamuR | ‘dew’ | ||
| *naNaq | ‘pus’ | ||
| *Naŋuy | ‘to swim’ | ||
| *na-nu | ‘what(?)’ | ||
| *Naqeji | ‘boundary between adjacent rice fields’ | ||
| *naRa | ‘to wait’ | ||
| *Nasu | ‘cook by boiling’ | ||
| *nasuk | ‘cook by boiling’ | ||
| *NataD | ‘outside’ | ||
| *ñawñaw | ‘rinse, wash’ | ||
| *nay | ‘deictic particle: this’ | ||
| *Nayad | ‘plant: *Sambucus formosana*’ | ||
| *nema | ‘what thing?’ | ||
| *nemnem | ‘think’ | ||
| *Neŋ | ‘look, see’ | ||
| *NeŋNeŋ | ‘stare, look fixedly’ | ||
| *ŋabŋab | ‘bite off the surface of something’ | ||
| *ŋajan | ‘name’ | ||
| *ŋajay | ‘saliva, drivel’ | ||
| *ŋalŋal | ‘to chew, masticate’ | ||
| *ŋaŋa | ‘open the mouth’ | ||
| *ŋawŋaw | 1.‘sound produced by an animal’ 2.‘unintelligible muttering of a person’ | ||
| *ŋayaw | ‘headhunting’ | ||
| *ŋeCŋeC | ‘gnash the teeth’ | ||
| *ŋerŋer | ‘growl’ | ||
| *ŋesŋes | ‘to pant, be out of breath’ | ||
| *ŋetŋet | ‘gnaw, nibble’ | ||
| *ŋiCŋiC | ‘show annoyance or irritation’ | ||
| *ŋidaw | ‘toothless’ | ||
| *ŋilu | ‘painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour’ | ||
| *ŋipen | ‘tooth’ | ||
| *ŋiSŋiS | ‘beard’ | ||
| *ŋitŋit | ‘gnaw’ | ||
| *ŋusŋus | ‘to snore, growl, grunt’ | ||
| *ŋuSuN | ‘nosebleed’ | ||
| *ŋusuq | 1.‘nasal area’ 2.‘snout’ | ||
| *ŋuSuR | ‘nasal mucus’ | ||
| *-ni | 1.‘proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here’ 2.‘now’ | ||
| *ni | 1.‘genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns’ 2.‘marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb’ | ||
| *ni-a | ‘3sg. agent/possessor’ | ||
| *Nibu | ‘lair, den of an animal’ | ||
| *Nihib | ‘rock shelter, cave under a rock’ | ||
| *ni-ia | ‘he. genitive, his, it’ | ||
| *ni-ima | ‘whose?’ | ||
| *nimas | ‘bailer in a canoe’ | ||
| *nipen | ‘tooth’ | ||
| *Nipis | ‘thinness (of materials)’ | ||
| *NiSawa | 1.‘breath’ 2.‘to breathe’ | ||
| *n-ita | 1.‘1st pers. incl. genitive’ 2.‘our’ | ||
| *Nitaq | ‘type of soil, clay’ | ||
| *Niteq | ‘sap of a tree or plant’ | ||
| *Niwaŋ | ‘thinness, slenderness’ | ||
| *-nu | ‘2sg possessor and non-subject agent’ | ||
| *-nu | ‘marker of uncertainty’ | ||
| *nu | ‘genitive case marker for common nouns (cf. *na, *ni)’ | ||
| *nu | ‘if, when (in future)’ | ||
| *nu- | ‘future marker with words for days’ | ||
| *Nuka | ‘wound’ | ||
| *nuka | ‘to make hemp yarn’ | ||
| *numa | ‘how?’ | ||
| *nunuh | ‘female breast’ | ||
| *NuqeS | ‘bone marrow’ | ||
| *Nusuŋ | ‘rice mortar’ | ||
| *Nutud | ‘join two things to give added length (rope, bamboo, etc.)’ | ||
| *p<in>a-kaen | ‘was fed by someone’ | ||
| *p<in>anaq | ‘shoot with a bow’ | ||
| *p<in>espes | ‘massage’ | ||
| *p<um>anaq | ‘shoot with a bow’ | ||
| *p<um>ataS | ‘to tattoo, make designs’ | ||
| *p<um>ekpek | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *p<um>espes | ‘to massage’ | ||
| *p<um>iliq | ‘to choose, select, pick out’ | ||
| *pa | ‘still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)’ | ||
| *pa- | ‘causative prefix’ | ||
| *pa-aCay | ‘kill’ | ||
| *pa-aluja | ‘to paddle’ | ||
| *pa-añud | ‘set a drift’ | ||
| *pa-bajaq | ‘know’ | ||
| *pa-beRay | ‘to give’ | ||
| *paCak | ‘spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal’ | ||
| *pa-Caŋis | 1.‘to make someone cry’ 2.‘to let someone cry’ | ||
| *p-aCay-en | ‘kill’ | ||
| *pacek | 1.‘wooden nail, dowel’ 2.‘drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel’ | ||
| *pa-daNum | ‘to irrigate’ | ||
| *pa-dekeC | ‘to stick or paste on’ | ||
| *padeŋ | ‘to extinguish, douse a fire’ | ||
| *paen | ‘bait’ | ||
| *paheku | ‘bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum’ | ||
| *pa-hinzam | ‘lend’ | ||
| *pahpah | ‘flower (?)’ | ||
| *paid | ‘fan’ | ||
| *pajay | 1.‘rice in the field’ 2.‘rice plant’ | ||
| *pajiS | ‘enemy’ | ||
| *pa-ka- | ‘causative of stative verbs’ | ||
| *pa-kaCu | ‘to send’ | ||
| *paka-duSa | ‘twice, do something twice’ | ||
| *pa-kaen | ‘to feed’ | ||
| *pa-kaen-en | ‘to feed, be fed’ | ||
| *pa-ka-keseR | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *pa-kita | ‘to show’ | ||
| *pakpak | 1.‘to clap, flap the wings’ 2.‘sound of clapping or flapping’ | ||
| *paleCuk | ‘shoot, sound of shooting’ | ||
| *pa-likaw | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *pa-likud | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |